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15.04.24

The basics of stock trading for beginners

Basics: part 1

Investing in the stock market can be very rewarding, especially if you avoid some of the pitfalls that most new investors encounter when starting out. Beginners should find an investment plan that works for them and stick to it through good times and bad.

What is the stock market?

Publicly traded companies issue shares to finance their business. Investors who think the business will prosper in the future buy these share issues.

Obchodovanie prebieha na burze cenných papierov , ako je napríklad New York Stock Exchange alebo Nasdaq.

When people in the news say that "the market was up today," they are usually referring to the performance of the Standard & Poor's 500 or the Dow Jones Industrial Average. The S&P 500 index is made up of about 500 large publicly traded companies in the U.S., while the Dow index includes 30 large companies. These track the performance of a basket of stocks and show how they fared on a given trading day and over time.

Although people refer to the Dow and the S&P 500 as "the market," they are really stock indexes. These indexes represent some of the largest companies in the U.S., but they are not the overall market, which includes thousands of publicly traded companies.

How to start investing in stocks:

1. Open a trading account

Nájdite dobrého online makléra a otvorte si účet. Aj keď už máte osobný účet, nie je zlý nápad viesť si profesionálny obchodný účet oddelene. Zoznámte sa s rozhraním účtu a platformy. Viacerí makléri ponúkajú virtuálne obchodovanie prostredníctvom demo účtu.

2. Learn to analyze

Study the basics of technical analysis and look at price charts in all time frames.

3. Choose the right investment

Nákup správnych akcií je oveľa jednoduchšie povedať, ako urobiť. Ktokoľvek môže vidieť akciu, ktorá mala v minulosti dobrú výkonnosť, ale predvídať výkonnosť akcie v budúcnosti je oveľa ťažšie. Ak chcete uspieť investovaním do jednotlivých akcií, musíte byť pripravení urobiť veľa práce pri analýze spoločnosti a riadení investície . Ak analyzujete spoločnosť, budete sa chcieť pozrieť na jej základy – napríklad zisk na akciu (EPS) alebo pomer ceny a zisku (pomer P/E). Budete však musieť urobiť oveľa viac: analyzovať manažérsky tím spoločnosti, zhodnotiť jej konkurenčné výhody, preštudovať si jej financie vrátane súvahy a výkazu ziskov a strát. Aj tieto položky sú len začiatok.

4. Create a diversified portfolio

One of the key advantages of an index fund is that you have a range of stocks immediately available in the fund. For example, if you own a broadly diversified fund based on the S&P 500 index, you'll own shares in hundreds of companies in many different industries. But you can also buy a narrowly diversified fund focused on one or two industries.

5. Be prepared for a drop

Najťažším problémom pre väčšinu investorov je utrpenie straty z ich investícií. A pretože akciový trh môže kolísať, z času na čas dôjde k stratám. Budete sa musieť zoceliť, aby ste zvládli tieto straty, inak budete v panike náchylní nakupovať vysoko a predávať nízko.

As long as you diversify your portfolio, no single stock you own should have too much of an impact on your total return. If it does, buying individual stocks may not be the right choice for you. Even index funds will fluctuate.

That is why it is important to prepare for downturns that can come out of nowhere, as happened in 2020. To get attractive long-term returns, you need to overcome short-term volatility.

6. Try a demo account before investing real money

One way to enter the world of risk-free investing is to use a demo account. Using an online trading account with virtual money will not put your real money at risk. You will also be able to determine how you would react if it was actually your money that you gained or lost.

7. Start as early as possible

Picking the perfect opportunity and investing in the stock market usually doesn't work out well. No one knows with 100 percent certainty when is the best time to enter. And investing is supposed to be a long-term activity. There is no ideal time to start.

If you invest now and often over time, this composition is the thing that can really drive your results. If you want to invest, it's very important to actually start and have an ongoing savings program so that you can reach your goals over time.

8. Continue investing over time

Those who build real wealth do so over time by adding money to their investments. That means having a strong savings discipline, putting aside a portion of your paycheck to apply to the stock market.

Investovanie vs obchodovanie: hlavné rozdiely

The main differences between trading and investing include:

  1. time horizon of investing : can last for years or decades, as the goal is long-term wealth accumulation, whereas trading involves much shorter time spans ranging from less than a day to several months
  2. Number of trades : since investing generally means buy and hold , the number of trades is usually much lower than in trading where frequent trades are the norm
  3. Type of trades : investing usually involves only BUY positions, while trading can involve BUY and SELL positions to take advantage of both higher and lower market movements.

What are some common trading strategies?

Bežné obchodné stratégie zahŕňajú sledovanie trendu alebo nákup, keď trh rastie, a predaj nakrátko, keď klesá. Skalpovanie, ktoré zahŕňa využívanie nepatrných cenových medzier spôsobených rozpätím medzi ponukou a dopytom a obchodovanie so pri vyhlasovaní makroekonomických alebo politických správ.

Is technical analysis or fundamental analysis more important for trading?

Since technical analysis focuses on the short-term picture and can help you identify short-term trading patterns and trends, it is more suitable for trading than fundamental analysis, which takes a longer-term view.

Risks and benefits of investing in shares

Akciový trh umožňuje individuálnym investorom vlastniť podiely v niektorých z najlepších svetových spoločností, čo môže byť nesmierne lukratívne. Celkovo sú akcie dobrou dlhodobou investíciou, pokiaľ sa nakupujú za rozumné ceny. Napríklad S&P 500 v priebehu času vygeneroval približne 10-percentný ročný výnos, vrátane peknej hotovostnej dividendy.

If you buy and sell the asset within one year, it will fall under short-term capital gains and will be taxed at your regular income tax rate.

While the market as a whole performs continuously well, many stocks in the market may even crash. These stocks eventually have zero value. On the other hand, some stocks, such as Amazon and Apple , have been rising for years and are earning investors a hundred times their initial investment.

Ako investovať do akcií: individuálne vs ETF fondy

  1. Kúpte si akciový fond založený na indexe, ako je S&P 500 , a držte ho, aby ste získali dlhodobý výnos indexu. Jeho návratnosť sa však môže výrazne líšiť, od poklesu o 30 percent v jednom roku až po zvýšenie o 30 percent v druhom roku. Kúpou indexového fondu získate vážený priemer výkonnosti akcií v indexe.
  2. Nakupujte jednotlivé akcie a snažte sa nájsť akcie, ktoré prekonajú priemer. Tento prístup si však vyžaduje obrovské množstvo zručností a vedomostí a je riskantnejší ako obyčajná kúpa indexového fondu. Ak však na ceste nájdete Apple alebo Amazon, vaše výnosy budú pravdepodobne oveľa vyššie ako v indexovom fonde.

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